Контрольная работа по английскому Вариант 2 – Ответы

Содержание

2 ВАРИАНТ

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст на русский язык. Будьте готовы к его пересказу на английском языке. Составьте 5 вопросов на английском языке по тексту.

The Sole Proprietorship
The owner and the business are synonymous in the eyes of the law. All assets in the firm are owned by the proprietor, subject only to the liabilities incurred in its establishment and operation. The proprietor is solely responsible for all personal and business debts and any losses incurred, assume the entire firm’s risks, provide most of its capital, and provide its total management. The only requirement for its establishment is that the owner obtains any licenses required by the city, state and start operations.
The proprietorship form has several advantages, such as: simplicity of organization; owner’s freedom to make all decisions and owner’s enjoyment of all profits; minimum legal restrictions; ease of discontinuance and tax advantages.
Disadvantages of the sole proprietorship are owner’s possible lack of ability and experience; limited opportunity for employees; difficulty in raising capital; limited life of the firm is unlimited liability of proprietor.

II. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст. Ответьте на вопросы.

Thorstein Veblen: Critic of the Market System
THORSTEIN VEBLEN (1857-1929). In 1899 conventional wisdom of the economists of that day was jolted with the publication of Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class. A professor of economics at the University of Chicago, Veblen said much about contemporary economics and social behaviour that angered and upset his colleagues.
In what may be his most famous contribution, Veblen challenged the assumptions built into the laws of supply and demand. One of these * * i /M I assumptions was that of "consumer sovereignty." Veblen questioned the assertion that the consumer was a king who demanded and received the best goods and services at the lowest prices. Instead, he argued, consumers were subject to all kinds of social and psychological pressures that led them to make some very unwise decisions.
To illustrate, he coined the term conspicuous consumption to describe the tendency of the "leisure class" (the wealthy) to buy goods and services simply to impress others. This, in turn, led middle class consumers, and even the poor, to imitate the wealthy by buying goods for similar purposes. When that occurred, it was possible for the law of demand to be reversed. Quantity demanded increased at a high price rather than at a low one. For example, the demand for a 1-ounce bottle of an unknown brand of perfume priced at $1 was likely to be less than the same perfume selling for $15 an ounce.
As for the other side of the market, Veblen argued that the desire for profits drove business interests into doing unscrupulous things. Some of these included efforts to eliminate competition, restrict output, build ever larger combinations of existing firms, and separate those who owned America's corporations from those who managed them. This, he predicted, would result in wasted resources and the inability of the economy to reach its full potential. From these observations, Veblen concluded that laissez-faire capitalism was probably destined to be replaced in the long run with a system more attuned to the needs of the people.

Answer the questions.
1. What estimate did Veblen give to contemporary economics and social behavior in his work?
2. What assumptions did Veblen challenge?
3. How did Veblen consider the consumer?
4. Why does the "leisure class" buy goods and services (according to Veblen)?
5. Where did the desire for profits drive business interests?

III. Вспомните употребление модальных глаголов и выполните следующие упражнения. Объясните употребление каждого случая на русском языке.
1. Put in the necessary modal verbs.
1. There is no stop near this building, you … to get off at the next stop.
2. These things are not duty-free. You … to pay duty on them.
3. If you don’t leave now, you … not to come to the concert on time.
4. When … the Sellers to deliver the goods?
5. As the Buyer … not provide shipping facilities the Seller … to deliver the goods on CIF terms.

2. Translate the following sentences into English. Объясните употребление каждого случая на русском языке.
1. Можно посмотреть Ваши права?
2. Платить сейчас?
3. Вы можете заплатить позже.
4. Можно нам заказать партию товара позже?
5. Ты должен сделать это прямо сейчас.

3. Find the modal verbs in the sentences and translate them. Объясните употребление каждого случая на русском языке.
1. Marketers should inform potential customers of where goods can be bought and how much they cost.
2. A manufacturer must establish a system that keeps products moving steadily from the factory to the consumer.
3. Before selling goods you must do a lot of market research.
4. The information can be obtained from trade representations.
5. The information you are interested in should be taken into consideration.

IV. TEST
Закончить предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов. Объясните употребление каждого случая на русском языке.

1. We______to the top of Holborn Hill before I______ that he was not smiling at all.
a) had got, knew c) were getting, knew
b) got, knew d) have got, have known

2. Turning from the Temple gate as soon as I______the warning, I______my way to Fleet Street, and then______to Covent Garden.
a) was reading, made, drove c) had read, made, drove
b) have read, made, drove d) read, made, drove

3. Seventy-seven detective novels and books of stories by Agatha Christie______into every major language, and her sales______in tens of millions.
a) are translated, are calculated c) have been translated, are calculated
b) were translated, were calculated d) had been translated, were calculated

4. In recent years, scientific and technological developments ______human life on our planet, as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the universe as a whole.
a) have drastically changed c) are drastically changing
b) drastically changed d) change drastically

5. Before we______from swimming in the river near the camp, someone______our clothes, and we had to walk back with our towels around us.
a) returned, stole c) were returning, stole
b) had returned, had stolen d) returned, had stolen

6. Our new neighbours______in Arizona for ten years be¬fore moving to their present house.
a) had been living c) have been living
b) lived d) were living

7. We went into the house by a side door and the first thing 1 ______was that the passages______all dark, and that she______a candle burning there.
a) noticed, were, left b) had noticed, had been, had left
c) noticed, were, had left d) have noticed, were, had left

8. The sun______brightly all day on the roof of my attic, and the room was warm.
a) was shining c) has shone
b) shone d) had been shining

9. Although the period that we call "the Renaissance" ______in Italy in the fourteenth century, this idea of re¬birth in learning characterized other epochs in history in different parts of the world.
a) begins c) began
b) had begun d) will begin

10. Egyptians left no written accounts as to the execution of mummification, so the scientists______to examine mummies and establish their own theories.
a) had c) are having
b) have d) have had

11. In spite of the fact that it______all day long, the match ______and the stands were full of spectators.
a) had been raining, was not cancelled
b) rained, was not cancelled
c) was raining, has not cancelled
d) had rained, had not been cancelled

12. Many football fans claimed that after "Real FC"______ that important game it______no chance to win the championship.
a) lost, had c) had lost, had
b) lose, has d) will lose, will have

13. I wish he______last Friday but his flight______be¬cause of bad weather. If he______the next day I would have brought him by car.
a) arrived, was cancelled, called b) had arrived, was cancelled, had called
c) had arrived, had been cancelled, called d) arrived, have cancelled, had called

14. After many long years of devoted and patient instruction, the doctor______able to get the boy to clothe and feed himself, recognize and utter a number of words, as well as write letters and form words.
a) was c) had been
b) has been d) were

15. At the first stages of the Industrial Revolution advertising ______a relatively straightforward means of announce¬ment and communication and was used mainly to pro¬mote novelties and fringe products which______un-known to the public.
a) had been, were c) was, were
b) had been, had been d) was being, were

16. Towards the end of the 19th century the larger companies ______more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products. The market during this pe¬riod ______by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises.
a) relied, has been controlled
b) relied, had been controlled
c) were relying, has been controlled
d) relied, were controlled

17. To cater for the fitness boom of the 80s and provide the up-to-date facilities people want, over 1,500 private health and fitness clubs______during the past 15 years.
a) were built c) have been built
b) had been built d) will be built

18. In 1936 the British Broadcasting Corporation______to provide a public radio service. Since then the BBC ______by the establishment of independent and com¬mercial radio and television, which______the BBC's broadcasting monopoly.
a) was established, was influenced, removed b) was established, has been influenced, removed
c) was established, has been influenced, had removed d) was established, had been influenced, removed

19. The Neolithic Age was a period of history which______ in approximately 6000 B.C. and______until 3000 B.C.
a) began, lasted c) began, was lasting
b) had begun, lasted d) had begun, had been lasting

20. A major problem in the construction of new buildings is that indows______while air conditioning systems.
a) have been eliminated, have not been perfected b) were eliminated, were not perfected
c) had been eliminated, had not been perfected d) eliminate, are not perfected

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